Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos qualitativos, na colheita e na pós-colheita, de mirtilos 'Emerald' cultivados em região de clima subtropical, sem frio hibernal, no Brasil. Os frutos foram colhidos no município de Piracicaba, no estado de São Paulo, em dois picos de colheita, em agosto e outubro, e avaliados quanto aos seus atributos qualitativos na colheita e aos seus atributos físicos, químicos e bioquímicos na pós-colheita. Os frutos foram mantidos em condições de temperatura ambiente, a 22°C e 70% de umidade relativa, e analisados no dia da colheita e a cada três dias até o décimo-segundo dia de armazenamento. Os mirtilos colhidos em agosto foram maiores e mais arredondados, e os colhidos em outubro apresentaram coloração azul mais intensa e maiores concentrações de compostos fenólicos, pH e sólidos solúveis, além de maior relação sólidos solúveis totais e acidez titulável. Durante o armazenamento, observou-se aumento no conteúdo de antocianinas, quercetinas e compostos fenólicos totais, bem como na atividade antioxidante, além de redução na acidez e na firmeza dos frutos. Independentemente do mês de colheita, os mirtilos cultivados em região subtropical no Brasil apresentam boa durabilidade pós-colheita por até 12 dias em temperatura ambiente, com níveis satisfatórios de qualidade dos frutos.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the qualitative attributes, at harvest and postharvest, of 'Emerald' blueberries grown in a subtropical climate region, without winter chilling, in Brazil. Fruit were harvested in the municipality of Piracicaba, in the state of São Paulo, in two harvest peaks, in August and October, and evaluated for their qualitative attributes at harvest and for their physical, chemical, and biochemical attributes at postharvest. The fruit were maintained at ambient conditions, at 22°C and 70% relative humidity, and evaluated on the day of harvest and every three days until the twelfth day of storage. The blueberries harvested in August were larger and rounder, and those harvested in October had a more intense blue coloration and higher concentrations of phenolic compounds, pH, and soluble solids, in addition to a higher total soluble solids and titratable acidity ratio. During storage, an increase was observed in the contents of anthocyanins, quercetins, and total phenolic compounds, as well as in antioxidant activity, besides a decrease in fruit acidity and firmness. Regardless of the harvest month, blueberries grown in a subtropical region of Brazil have a good postharvest shelf life up to 12 days at ambient temperature, with satisfactory fruit quality levels.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a alporquia, a estaquia e a enxertia, com diferentes doses de ácido indolbutírico (AIB), para a propagação vegetativa de Eugenia involucrata. A alporquia foi realizada por dois anos consecutivos, com cinco diferentes doses de AIB. A estaquia foi testada com estacas lenhosas e herbáceas, quatro doses de AIB, em três estações do ano. Os métodos de enxertia – garfagem em fenda cheia e inglês simples – foram avaliados em duas estações do ano. Para os ensaios de alporquia, estaquia e enxertia, os delineamentos experimentais foram em blocos ao acaso, inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3x4 e inteiramente casualizado, respectivamente. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao enraizamento, à percentagem de sobrevivência e ao desenvolvimento da parte aérea. Na alporquia, foram observadas baixas taxas de enraizamento foram observadas na alporquia de 0 a 50%, o uso de AIB não apresentou resultados consistentes e nenhum propágulo resultante sobreviveu após o transplante. A técnica de estaquia mostrou baixas taxas de sobrevivência, enraizamento e retenção foliar, sem efeito consistente das doses de AIB. A enxertia mostrou de 35 a 50% de fixação do enxerto, sem diferença significativa entre as técnicas de enxerto de emenda e de fenda. As técnicas de alporquia e estaquia não são eficientes para a propagação de E. involucrata, pois não favorecem a sobrevivência e o enraizamento das mudas. A enxertia, por ambos os métodos, é a técnica mais eficiente para a propagação de E. involucrata.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate air layering, cutting, and grafting, with different indolebutyric acid (IBA) rates, for the vegetative propagation of Eugenia involucrata. Air layering was carried out for two consecutive years with five different IBA rates. Cutting was tested for woody and herbaceous cuttings, using four IBA rates, in three seasons. The grafting methods – cleft graft and splice graft – were tested in two seasons. For the air layering, cutting, and grafting trials the experimental designs were randomized complete blocks, completely randomized in a 3x4 factorial arrangement, and completely randomized, respectively. Plants were evaluated for rooting, survival percentage, and shoot development. In air layering, low rooting rates of 0 to 50% were observed, the use of IBA showed no consistent results, and no resulting propagules survived after being transplanted. The cutting technique showed low survival, rooting, and leaf retention rates, with no consistent effect of IBA rates. Grafting showed 35 to 50% graft fixation, with no significant difference between the splice and cleft grafting techniques. The air layering and cutting techniques are not efficient for the propagation of E. involucrata, as they do not favor the survival and rooting of seedlings. Grafting, by both techniques, is the most efficient method for E. involucrata propagation.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as técnicas de alporquia e enxertia na produção de plantas de cambucizeiro (Campomanesia phaea). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em blocos ao acaso para alporquia, com plantas adultas de cambuci, e dois inteiramente casualizados para a enxertia, utilizando mudas. A alporquia foi avaliada com diferentes doses de ácido indolbutírico, e as técnicas do tipo inglês simples e fenda lateral foram utilizadas para a enxertia. O enraizamento dos alporques não foi favorecido pela aplicação de doses de ácido indolbutírico, enquanto a enxertia do tipo fenda lateral garantiu a fixação de 6% dos enxertos. Análises histológicas dos alporques revelaram atividade das células parenquimáticas do xilema na formação de estruturas similares a calos. Nas plantas enxertadas, essas células garantiram a união e a regeneração dos tecidos. A técnica da alporquia foi inviável, mas a enxertia é recomendada para fixação de genótipos de cambucizeiro.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the air-layering and grafting techniques in the production of cambuci (Campomanesia phaea) plants. Two experiments were conducted in randomized complete blocks for air-layering, using adult cambuci plants, and two completely randomized for the grafting, using seedlings. Air layering was evaluated with different rates of indolebutyric acid; the splice, side-veneer, and chip-budding techniques were used for grafting. Air-layering rooting was not favored by the application of indolebutyric acid rates, whereas side-veneer grafts ensured the fixation of 6% of the grafts. Histological analyses of the air layers revealed the action of parenchyma cells from the xylem in the formation of structures similar to calluses. In the grafted plants, these cells ensured tissue union and regeneration. The air-layering technique was unfeasible, but grafting is recommended to establish cambuci tree genotypes.

RESUMO: Campomanesia phaea possui interesse comercial devido aos seus frutos serem utilizados na fabricação de vários produtos, além do seu alto potencial nutricional. No entanto, possui baixo potencial germinativo e há pouca informação na literatura. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar biometricamente e estabelecer o teste de tetrazólio para sementes de cambuci. Sementes provenientes de duas épocas de coleta foram submetidas a avaliações biométricas (comprimento, espessura, largura e massa de sementes), teor de água, obtenção da curva de embebição e teste de tetrazólio. A curva de embebição foi realizada com sementes não escarificadas e sementes submetidas a dois métodos de escarificação, mecânica e química. O teste de tetrazólio foi realizado com embebição das sementes em solução de sal cloreto de 2, 3, 5 trifenil tetrazólio a 0,75; 1,00 e 1,50% durante 4, 8 e 12 horas, classificando-as como viáveis e inviáveis. Conclui-se que as sementes de cambuci apresentaram diferenças biométricas entre as duas épocas de coleta, devido aos diferentes teores de água. Nenhuma diferença ocorreu em relação à curva de embebição para os três tratamentos avaliados e a solução de 0,75% durante quatro horas em banho-maria, à 38 °C, foi considerada a melhor para realização do teste de tetrazólio.

ABSTRACT: Campomanesia phaea has commercial interest because its fruits are used in the manufacture of several products, besides its high nutritional potential. Nevertheless, it has low germination potential and there is not much information in the literature. The aim of this study was to perform a biometric characterization and to establish the tetrazolium test for cambuci seeds. Seeds obtained from two collection periods were subjected to biometric evaluations (seed length, thickness, width and mass), water content, determination of the soaking curve and tetrazolium test. The soaking curve was performed with non-scarified seeds and seeds subjected to two scarification methods, mechanical and chemical. The tetrazolium test was performed soaking the seeds in a solution of 2, 3, 5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride salt at 0.75, 1.00 and 1.50% for 4, 8 and 12 hours. After this period, the seeds were categorized as viable and non-viable. It was concluded that the cambuci seeds presented biometric differences between the two collection periods, because of the different water contents. There was no difference in the soaking curve among the three treatments tested and the solution of 0.75% for four hours in a water bath at 38 oC was considered the best for performing the tetrazolium test.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho em campo de nectarineiras 'Sunraycer' autoenraizadas e sobre 13 porta-enxertos clonais. Para tanto, foram avaliados florescimento, brotação, maturidade dos frutos, vigor e produção. O intervalo entre o final do florescimento e a época da colheita foi menor para 'Sunraycer' sobre os porta-enxertos 'G x N.9', 'Santa Rosa' e 'Ishtara'. 'Flordaguard' e 'Ishtara' induziram o maior e o menor volume de copa, respectivamente. 'Flordaguard' resultou na maior produção, e 'Cadaman', na menor. Plantas 'Sunraycer' autoenraizadas produzem frutos de maior massa e podem ser uma alternativa para os produtores.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance in the field of 'Sunraycer' nectarine plants when own rooted and budded onto 13 clonal rootstocks. For this, flowering, flushing, fruit maturity, vigor, and production were assessed. The time span between the end of flowering and the harvest period was shorter for 'Sunraycer' budded onto the 'G x N.9', 'Santa Rosa', and 'Ishtara' rootstocks. 'Flordaguard' and 'Ishtara' induced the largest and smallest canopy sizes, respectively. 'Flordaguard' resulted in the greatest production, and 'Cadaman', in the lowest. Own-rooted 'Sunraycer' plants produce heavier fruits and can be an alternative to growers.

Resumen Odontopus abdominalis fue reportado por primera vez como nueva plaga del aguacatero en huertos domésticos localizados en el estado de Alagoas, nordeste de Brasil. Los adultos se alimentan de las hojas, perforándolas y las larvas se alimentan del mesófilo foliar, formando galerías. La presencia de necrosis en las hojas reduce la cantidad de tejido fotosintético en el mesófilo. El presente estudio aporta información relevante para el registro de O. abdominalis como nueva plaga en el cultivo del aguacatero en Brasil, cuyo conocimiento es fundamental para el establecimiento de estrategias adecuadas de manejo y control.

Abstract This is the first report of Odontopus abdominalis as a novel pest in avocado orchards in the Alagoas State, in Northeastern Brazil. Adults feed and bore holes in the leaves, and larvae feed on the mesophyll tissue, boring galleries in the leaves. Leaf necrosis then reduces the photosynthetic tissue in the mesophyll. This study contributes relevant information for reporting O. abdominalis as a novel avocado pest in Brazil. This knowledge is essential for defining adequate pest management approaches.

ABSTRACT Despite its interesting agricultural traits, Swingle citrumelo (Citrus paradisi Macfad. ‘Duncan’ × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) rootstock exhibits severe incompatibility when grafted with Pera sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] scions, and this fact limits its use for propagation purposes. Nonetheless, the existence of certain Pera sweet orange clones that are compatible with Swingle citrumelo represents a substantial gain for the entire citrus industry. This study investigated the compatibility between seven Pera sweet orange clones and Swingle citrumelo rootstock, regarding the presence of a necrotic line at the graft union junction, the difference in diameter between rootstock and scion, the influence of clonal cleaning by micrografting, and the horticultural performance of the selected combinations. No trees died because of grafting incompatibility, even after twenty years (trial I), except for clone CV1, or after six years and nine months (trial II) from planting. The rootstock/scion trunk diameter ratio was not related to the presence of a necrotic line in the graft-union region. Additionally, these variables did not influence fruit yield and quality, and they were not affected by clonal cleaning or pre-immunisation of the old Pera sweet orange clones.

ABSTRACT Although Brazil is the sixth producer of mandarins in the world, fresh fruit exports are neglectable, and few cultivars are available for the domestic market. Main harvest season comprises May to November, with Ponkan mandarin and Murcott tangor representing more than 70% of the production. Therefore, there is a need for alternative early season, seedless varieties that should also be preferably resistant to Alternaria brown spot. We investigated the horticultural performance of ten selections of Satsuma mandarin in subtropical conditions in Bebedouro, northern state of São Paulo, Brazil. Clausellina, Okitsu, Unshu SRA-529, Saigon SRA-227, Panaché SRA-579, Salzara SRA-341, Miyagawa SRA-444, Kowano SRA-167, FCAV-59 and A2 60.0 selections were grafted on Swingle citrumelo and evaluated up to 7 years old. Unshu, Miyagawa and A2 60.0 presented the highest tree size. These three selections, in addition to Okitsu and Kowano mandarins, resulted in higher fruit yield for the five first harvests (mean of 31.3 kg∙tree–1∙year–1). Panaché had the smallest yield efficiency. Miyagawa and A2 60.0 selections presented lower alternate fruit bearing in the evaluated period due to their early bearing habit. These same selections had the largest fruits with the earliest maturation; similar to the Okitsu mandarin, but with lower soluble solids and higher juice content. The overall performance of the Satsuma mandarin selections grafted on Swingle citrumelo and drip irrigated was promising under subtropical climate. The Okitsu, Miyagawa and A2 60.0 mandarins were selected because of their highest productive potential and their valuable quality traits for the Brazilian domestic market.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da irrigação suplementar, durante a estação seca de inverno, no status hídrico e na produtividade de abacateiros 'Hass' (Persea Americana). O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo argiloso de 2014 a 2016, quando eventos climáticos extremos foram registrados no Estado de São Paulo. O cultivo em sequeiro foi comparado com dois regimes de irrigação suplementar, aplicados durante o total e a metade do tempo de irrigação definido pelo produtor, o que equivaleu a 5.091 e 2.545 m3 ha-1 de água, respectivamente. Foram avaliados as variáveis: tensão de água no solo; potencial hídrico, coloração e teor de clorofila foliares; taxa de abscisão de folhas e frutos; tamanho das plantas; e tamanho e produção de frutos. A irrigação suplementar aplicada em metade do tempo de irrigação aumentou em 18,2% a produção de frutos. No entanto, a aplicação de irrigação de duração fixa e a ocorrência de chuvas atípicas durante a estiagem invernal favoreceram o encharcamento prolongado do solo, com efeitos negativos sobre o crescimento e o estado hídrico das árvores.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of supplemental irrigation, during winter dry season, on the water status and productivity of 'Hass' avocado (Persea Americana) trees. The experiment was carried out on a clayey Oxisol from 2014 to 2016, when extreme climatic events were recorded in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The rainfed regime was compared with two irrigation regimes, applied during the whole and half of the irrigation run time defined by the grower, corresponding to 5,091 and 2,545 m3 ha-1 water, respectively. The following variables were evaluated: soil water tension; leaf water potential, color, and chlorophyll content; leaf and fruit abscission rates; tree size; and fruit size and yield. Supplemental irrigation applied during half of the run time increased fruit yield by 18.2%. However, irrigation applied during a fixed-time period and the occurrence of unusual rainfall spells caused soil water logging, negatively affecting tree growth and water status.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes inibidores da biossíntese de giberelinas no crescimento dos brotos acima da panícula, bem como na produção, no tamanho e no formato de frutos de abacateiro (Persea americana) 'Hass' não irrigado. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições e 40 árvores. De 2013 a 2015, foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos, no florescimento, via pulverização foliar: água (testemunha), 250 mg L-1 de prohexadione-cálcio, 2.500 mg L-1 de trinexapaque-etílico, 1.750 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol e 350 mg L-1 de uniconazole; os dois primeiros são acilciclohexanodionas e os dois segundos triazóis. A produção de frutos, a eficiência produtiva e a alternância produtiva não foram afetadas pela aplicação dos fitorreguladores. Entretanto, os inibidores de giberelinas proporcionaram frutos de maior tamanho e modificaram o formato de abacates 'Hass' não irrigados. O uniconazole reduz o crescimento dos brotos acima da panícula, e esse efeito pode variar de acordo com as condições ambientais, especialmente com a disponibilidade de água.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors on shoot growth above the panicle, as well as on fruit yield, size, and shape of nonirrigated 'Hass' avocado (Persea americana) trees. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, with five treatments, four replicates, and 40 trees. From 2013 to 2015, the following treatments were applied at full bloom, as foliar sprayings: water (control), 250 mg L-1 prohexadione-calcium, 2,500 mg L-1 trinexapac-ethyl, 1,750 mg L-1 paclobutrazol, and 350 mg L-1 uniconazole; the first two are acylcyclohexanediones and the last two, triazoles. Fruit yield, yield efficiency, and alternate bearing were not affected by the application of plant growth regulators. However, the gibberellin inhibitors increased fruit size and modified the fruit shape of nonirrigated 'Hass' avocado. Uniconazole reduces shoot growth above the panicle, and this effect may vary depending on environmental conditions, especially water supply.

RESUMO O clima é um fator limitante à expansão do cultivo de mirtileiro para novas áreas no Brasil, sendo comercialmente viável apenas nas regiões mais frias e de altitude dos estados do Sul. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho das cultivares de mirtilo 'Emerald' e 'Jewel', de baixa exigência em frio. Foram caracterizadas as fases de crescimento vegetativo, brotação, florescimento, frutificação e produção de frutos. A cultivar 'Emerald' apresenta dois picos de florescimento e frutificação, com a colheita principal ocorrendo de agosto a outubro, enquanto a cultivar 'Jewel' apresenta dois picos de emissão de botões florais, mas apenas um pico de florescimento e uma única colheita, que ocorre entre outubro e janeiro. Para ambas as cultivares, a produção ocorre durante o período de entressafra do mercado interno e externo, o que possibilita melhores preços para a fruta. É possível produzir ambas as cultivares em região subtropical sem a incidência de frio hibernal, demonstrando, assim, que essas cultivares apresentam menor exigência em frio do que relatado na literatura, e favorecendo a produção de frutos frescos na entressafra dos principais países produtores do hemisfério Norte.

ABSTRACT Climate is a limiting factor for cultivating blueberries in new areas in Brazil, being the commercial production restricted only to the colder and high-altitude regions of the southern states. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of low-chill requirement 'Emerald' and 'Jewel' blueberry cultivars. For that, the stages of vegetative growth, sprouting, flowering fruiting and yield were assessed. The 'Emerald' cultivar has two peaks for both flowering and fruiting, with the main harvest period occurring between August and October, while the 'Jewel' cultivar shows two peaks for budding, but only one flowering peak and only one harvest, which extends from October through January. For both cultivars, the production occurs during the off-season of the internal and external markets, resulting in higher fruit prices. Growing both cultivars is feasible in a subtropical region with no-chill incidence, thus demonstrating that these cultivars have much lower chill requirements than those referred to in the literature, and favoring, this way, the fresh fruit production during the off-season of the main producing countries in the northern hemisphere.

Resumo Há poucos estudos sobre a qualidade pós-colheita de cultivares de mirtilos de baixa exigência em frio hibernal, recentemente introduzidas no Brasil. Frutos de mirtileiro ‘Snowchaser’ foram avaliados quanto às propriedades físicas e químicas e também com relação à atividade antioxidante, durante 6 dias de armazenamento. Houve aumento da perda de massa e manutenção das variáveis colorimétricas de luminosidade (L*) e (b*), enquanto os valores da variável a* diminuíram e os de croma aumentaram. Os teores de antocianinas e flavonoides aumentaram, assim como a atividade antioxidante. O período máximo de conservação dos frutos em temperatura ambiente foi de 6 dias, sem redução da atividade antioxidante ao longo do período, o que é benéfico para a saúde dos consumidores.

Abstract In Brazil there are still few studies on the post-harvest quality of low-chill blueberry cultivars, which have been recently introduced in the country. ‘Snowchaser’ blueberries were evaluated during a six-day storage period regarding fruit physical and chemical properties, and its antioxidant capacity. During fruit storage there was an increased weight loss and maintenance of some skin color properties such as luminosity (L*) and b*, whereas the values of parameter a* decreased and chroma (C) values increased. The levels of anthocyanins and flavonoids in the pulp increased, as well as the antioxidant activity. Maximum fruit shelf life at room temperature was six days without reduction on the antioxidant activity along the period, which is beneficial to consumers’ health.

Abstract Being the avocado a highly cross-pollinated and heterozygous species, its multiplication from seeds produces a highly variable progeny in relation to the morphological and biological characteristics of the parents. Therefore, the adoption of more efficient propagation methods for obtaining higher quality seedlings in terms of production and disease resistance became relevant. Scion grafting onto a seedling rootstock is mostly used in the commercial propagation of avocado trees in Brazil and in the main producing countries. However, such a procedure confers great variability and differences in fruit yield and quality and in vigor among the plants in the field. In countries with a higher technological level, the rootstock has been obtained by clonal methods (Frolich and Platt, Brokaw, Allesbeste), associated with other techniques such as etiolation and girdling. The present literature review describes the main propagation methods currently used for avocado, their advances and the importance of breeding and new research techniques on the obtention of new rootstocks and scion cultivars that shall meet the market demands.

Resumen Por ser una especie de polinización cruzada y altamente heterocigótica, la multiplicación del aguacate por semilla origina una progenie altamente variable en relación a las características morfológicas y biológicas. Por ese motivo, se hizo relevante la adopción de métodos de propagación más eficientes, que resulten en plántulas de mejor calidad en términos de producción y resistencia a enfermedades. La injertación es el más utilizado para la propagación comercial de aguacate en los principales países productores. Originalmente, la implementación de plantaciones de aguacate se realizó a partir de plántulas obtenidas de portainjertos provenientes de semillas, siendo ese método de multiplicación el que aún predomina en Brasil. Sin embargo, tal procedimiento confiere en el campo mucha variabilidad y diferencias de productividad, calidad y vigor entre las plantas. En países que adoptan mayor nivel tecnológico, el portainjerto pasó a ser obtenido a partir de métodos clonales (Frolich y Platt, Brokaw, Allesbeste) asociados a otras técnicas como la etiolación y el anillado de los brotes. La presente revisión bibliográfica tiene como objetivo abordar los principales métodos de propagación utilizados en aguacate, sus avances y la importancia del mejoramiento genético y de las nuevas investigaciones en la obtención de cultivares de portainjerto y copa que atiendan las demandas del mercado.

Resumo No Brasil, poucas cultivares de tangerineira (Citrus reticulata, Blanco) são exploradas atualmente, o que limita a oferta de frutas frescas no mercado. Este estudo avaliou o desempenho de 15 seleções e 3 híbridos de tangerineira Clementina, visando a buscar alternativas para produção em condições subtropicais. Quinze selecções de Clementina (‘Oroval-SRA335’, ‘Tomatera-SRA535’, ‘Reina-SRA534’, ‘Bruno-SRA531’, ‘Nules-SRA389’, ‘Ragheb-SRA386’, ‘Oroval-Y45’, ‘2-Kr-Monreal’, ‘Commune-SRA88’, ‘Commune-SRA85’, ‘Caffin-SRA385’, ‘De Nules-VCR’, ‘Commune-SRA92’, ‘Clemenules-EECB128’ e ‘Marisol-EECB126’); três híbridos (‘Clemelin-IVIA335’, ‘Caçula-1’ e ‘Caçula-3’) e duas cultivares comerciais controle (‘Ponkan’ e ‘Cravo’), enxertadas em citrumelo ‘Swingle’ [C. paradisi Mafad. cv. ‘Duncan’ x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], foram avaliadas no município de Bebedouro-SP, Brasil, de 2001 a 2008. O pomar experimental foi plantado em 2001, com os 20 genótipos dispostos em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições de duas plantas por parcela. O controle ‘Cravo’ e o híbrido ‘Clemelin-IVIA335’ apresentaram o menor vigor das plantas. As seleções ‘Cravo’, ‘Caffin-SRA385’, ‘Clemelin-IVIA335’, ‘Marisol-EECB126’ e ‘Ragheb-SRA386’ tiveram as menores produções acumuladas. Os frutos do híbrido ‘Caçula-1’ apresentaram o maior conteúdo de sólidos solúveis, e os do ‘Caçula-3’, o maior teor de suco. As seleções ‘Bruno-SRA531’, ‘Clemenules-EECB 128’, ‘De Nules-VCR’ e ‘Reina-SRA534’ atingiram o início de produção antes das demais seleções de Clementina. Em termos de eficiência produtiva, a variedade ‘Ponkan’ igualou-se ou até ultrapassou as seleções, com frutos maiores e de maturação precoce. A seleção ‘Reina-SRA534’ destacou-se pelos frutos de tamanho médio e precocidade de produção, enquanto ‘De Nules VCR’ e ‘Tomatera-SRA535’ apresentaram rendimento elevado, apesar do maior tamanho de planta. O bom desempenho das seleções e dos híbridos de Clementina deste estudo estimula a avaliação de práticas culturais para o cultivo desse grupo em clima subtropical.

Abstract In Brazil, few mandarin (Citrus reticulata, Blanco) cultivars are being currently exploited, limiting the availability of fresh fruit in the local market. This study was aimed to investigate the performance of 15 Clementine mandarin selections and 3 hybrids, seeking for alternative varieties for production under subtropical conditions. Fifteen Clementine selections, namely: ‘Oroval-SRA335’, ‘Tomatera-SRA535’, ‘Reina-SRA534’, ‘Bruno-SRA531’, ‘Nules-SRA389’, ‘Ragheb-SRA386’, ‘Oroval-Y45’, ‘2-Kr-Monreal’, ‘Commune-SRA88’, ‘Commune-SRA85’, ‘Caffin-SRA385’, ‘De Nules-VCR’, ‘Commune-SRA92’, ‘Clemenules-EECB128’ and ‘Marisol-EECB126’; three hybrids (‘Clemelin-IVIA335’, ‘Caçula-1’ and ‘Caçula-3’) and the standard commercial varieties ‘Ponkan’ and ‘Cravo’, grafted on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo [C. paradisi Mafad. cv. ‘Duncan’ x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], were evaluated in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2004 to 2008. The experimental plot was planted in 2001 with the 20 genotypes disposed in a randomized block design, with three replications and two plants per plot. The ‘Cravo’ variety and the ‘Clemelin-IVIA335’ hybrid presented the smallest plant size. The selections ‘Cravo’, ‘Caffin-SRA385’, ‘Clemelin-IVIA335’, ‘Marisol-EECB126’ and ‘Ragheb-SRA386’ had the smallest cumulative yield. Fruits of ‘Caçula-1’ had the highest soluble solids content and those of ‘Caçula-3’ showed the highest juice content. Among the Clementine selections, ‘Bruno-SRA531’, ‘Clemenules-EECB128’, ‘De Nules-VCR’ and ‘Reina-SRA534’ reached earlier maturity. In terms of yield efficiency, ‘Ponkan’ trees performed similarly or outperformed the other selections, with larger fruits and earlier ripening. The ‘Reina-SRA534’ selection outstood due to its high fruit yield and quality, with medium fruit size and early bearing, while ‘De Nules VCR’ and ‘Tomatera-SRA535’ had high yield, low alternate-bearing and fine fruit quality, despite of their large plant size. Good performance of Clementine selections and hybrids encourages further studies on cultural practices for growing this group of mandarins under subtropical climatic conditions.

ABSTRACT In Brazilian regions affected by the citrus sudden death disease, sweet orange cultivation depends on the use of resistant rootstocks. Rangpur lime was mainly replaced by Swingle citrumelo and Sunki mandarin rootstocks, more drought-sensitive ones. The diversification of scion selections is also desirable aiming at the increasing demand for not from concentrate orange juice (NFC) that requires high-quality fruits. In this work, we evaluated the performance of 6 selections of Valencia (IAC, Dom João, Late Burjasot IVIA 35-2, Rhode Red SRA 360, Temprana IVIA 25 and Campbell) and Natal IAC sweet oranges grafted onto Swingle citrumelo and Sunki mandarin. The planting occurred in 2001 under rain-fed cultivation in Bebedouro, northern São Paulo state, Brazil. The outline was made through randomized blocks in a 7 × 2 factorial design (selections × rootstock), with 4 replications and 2 trees in unit. Both rootstocks performed well in the region. Sunki mandarin rootstock induced greater tree size and production per plant to the scion selections, 38 and 21%, respectively, plus higher precocity of production compared to Swingle citrumelo. The later determined a greater productive efficiency, as well as a greater percentage of juice in general, albeit with lower concentrations of soluble solids and acidity. Natal IAC, Valencia IAC and Rhode Red Valencia selections presented a higher accumulated production, on average, 218.6 kg∙plant−1 (2004 – 2008), and a higher productive efficiency (kg fruit∙m−3 of canopy) due to their smaller tree size. All assessed selections produced fruits with high soluble solids content that were suitable for juice processing.